Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012, Kasprzykowski Z, Goawski A, Mitrus C, Staski T (2014) A comparison of the structure of 2 waterbird assemblages during postbreeding movements in the arid zone of Uzbekistan. Seddon N, Chausson A, Berry P, Girardin CA, Smith A, Turner B (2020) Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. o antigenic immune system Land Degrad Dev 29:19251939. Cattle then produce manure that returns nutrients to the soil, which helps to grow more grass. NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. All of the Earths species work together to survive and maintain their ecosystems. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/115/89/pdf/N2111589.pdf? Parks 27:193196. PubMedGoogle Scholar. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The health of grasslands all over Central Asia has been severely compromised by anthropogenic activities and climate change over the past several decades (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019). Over half of all the animals already identified are invertebrates. At the highest level, one can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. Climate change. Despite pressure from housing developments and groundwater depletion, habitat for six imperiled species a warbler, a bat, two salamanders and two plants still exists. It has more land under biodiversity protection than any other of the lower 48 states, but its also home to high concentrations of imperiled species that live outside of those areas. Geol Ecol Landscap. Pretend you're taking a look at the species biodiversity within a local pond. In the long term, rehabilitation of degraded rangelands in the Aral Sea basin has a potential to improve livelihood options of local pastoralists. 2. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Alikhanova, S., Bull, J.W. 2). If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2021.1923271, Belle JA, Collins N, Jordaan A (2018) Managing wetlands for disaster risk reduction: A case study of the eastern Free State, South Africa. A. These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction. Which States Have the Richest Biodiversity? - Treehugger However, within the dried-out Aral Seabed, there are different types of soils, some of which are not suitable for afforestation due to the high salt and sand contents (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity - NatureServe As reported by Li et al. The recent study by the UN (ILRI, 2021) reveals that rangelands occupy 54% of the global terrestrial surface and cover about 57% of the territory of Uzbekistan (Toderich, et al., 2013a). If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310, Cohen-Shacham E, Andrade A, Dalton J, Dudley N, Jones M, Kumar C, Walters G (2019) Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. Parks 27:712. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. A wealth of research into the relationships among diversity, stability, and ecosystem functioning has been conducted in recent years (reviewed by Balvanera et al. FAO Forestry Paper No. Extinction is a natural process; some species naturally die out while new speciesevolve. Which ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? Hence option B is correct. To identify concentrations of imperiled biodiversity, the scientists created models for more than 2,200 species based on where they are known to exist and their habitat needs. Alongside multiple obvious benefits of NbS, the literature states also a number of challenges associated with their understanding, implementation, effectiveness, stakeholder participation (Nelson, Bledsoe, Ferreira, & Nibbelink, 2020), lack of standards for their evaluation (Kumar, et al., 2021), (Fernandes & Guiomar, 2018). Logging, mining and grazing are allowed on a significant share of public lands, including much of the Lincoln National Forest in southern New Mexico. Construction, agriculture, and food and beverages are the largest highly nature-dependent industries, with an economic value roughly twice the size of Germany's economy; China, the EU and the US have the highest absolute economic value in nature-dependent industries It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. When the biodiversity of an ecosystem is interrupted or destroyed, theeconomicimpact on the local community could be enormous.Biodiversity is especially important to the medical and pharmaceutical industries. All sources of publications were considered in the review. Oxford University Press, New York: 2000 You cannot download interactives. Today species are going extinct at an accelerated and dangerous rate because of non-natural environmental changes caused by human activities. x You cannot download interactives. Yao Y, Fu B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Song S (2021) The contribution of ecosystem restoration to sustainable development goals in Asian drylands: A literature review. Considering that the main soil types in the exposed seabed are solonchaks (with high concentration of soluble salts) and takyrs (heavy-textured soils under arid conditions)Footnote 10, that have low organic carbon content (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), monitoring of afforested lands is critical to better examine the impact of tree plantations on soils (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020). These are afforestation, wetland restoration, rangeland restoration and protected areas establishment in Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in the far-western part of Uzbekistan. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Ecosystems include deserts,grasslands, and rainforests. However, authors (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) argue that afforestation activities can also fail both economically and environmentally as it was in the case of China and the planting of maladapted species, along with an absence of post-forestation monitoring to check on the survivability of trees. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. Looking at samples of soil or water through a microscope reveals a whole world of bacteria and other tiny organisms. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013, Fernandes JP, Guiomar N (2018) Nature-based solutions: The need to increase the knowledge on their potentialities and limits. list the steps that are followed if a suspect's blood is found at a crime scene. Maps like these offer a valuable tool to officials and conservationists who are scrambling to protect biodiversity. (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region, 2020b), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language), 2020a), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands, 2022), My Garden in the Aral Sea International innovation Centre for Aral Sea basin under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (iic-aralsea.org), FAO classification of soil types (Schad, 2014), Abdalla K, Mutema M, Chivenge P, Everson C, Chaplot V (2022) Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions. Bees and other insects carrypollenfrom one plant to another, which enables the plants to reproduce. Agroforestry is mostly proposed to rehabilitate marginal and salt-affected irrigated lands. The white ferula mushroom, adelicacythat only grows on the Italian island of Sicily, helps decompose organic compounds such as plants. Thorough socio-economic analysis has proved to be critical for most NbS activities before the start of any project to minimize community resistance to planned interventions (Mills, et al., 2020). The chart shows information about four ecosystems. They also provide food, shade, construction material, medicines, andfiberfor clothing and paper. It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. Environ Manag 25:485512. 4. Biodiversity allows us to live healthy and happy lives. The largest number of studies on NbS application originated from China. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. This means that millions of other organisms remain a complete mystery. Afforestation measures are discussed as a cost-effective nature-based solution for combatting desertification, adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts through increased carbon sequestration potential (Seddon, et al., 2020) and halting biodiversity loss, as well as improving livelihood opportunities of the local communities (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Djoudi, Brockhaus, & Locatelli, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale. The authors declare no competing interests. Some human activities have indirect but wide-reaching effects on biodiversity as well, including climate change and pollution. Stein, Bruce A., Lynn S. Kutner and Jonathan S. Adams. (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), the decline of ecosystem service value in Karakalpakstan (including those of grasslands) was the highest among all researched areas in Central Asia; a trend which seems likely to continue. Additional keywords were used to include the most frequent interventions in the Aral Sea region mentioned in the literature: afforestation AND Aral Sea, saxaul AND Aral Sea, artemia AND Aral Sea. Areas with extremely high levels of biodiversity are called hotspots. Nationwide, the Interior Department is seeking public input until March 7 on questions such as what should count as conserved land and waters under President Bidens 30 percent commitment. With less biodiversity, these connections weaken and sometimes break, harming all the species in the ecosystem. GISci Remote Sens. Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the - Springer A helpful way to understand genetic diversity is to think about dogs. Plants, fungi, and animals such as worms keep soilfertileand water clean. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2, Gmez Martn, E, Giordano, R, Pagano, A, van der Keur, P, & Mez Costa, M (2020) Using a system thinking approach to assess the contribution of nature based solutions to sustainable development goals. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-8189-z, Article Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. Lack of monitoring is another issue determining the success of afforestation in the Aral Sea region. However, temperatures above warm will affect biodiversity as oxygen is less soluble in hot waters and some species do not survive in this condition. Drylands are rich in biodiversity and contain rare and endemic species that are not present in other biomes (IUCN, 2017). What suggests developmental delays in two-year-olds? https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5367-9_16, Shomurodov K, Rakhimova T, Adilov B, Beshko N, Karimov F, Polvonov F (2021) Current state of vegetation of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea., 629. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/629/1/012085, Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S, Nockrach M, Kalantari Z (2019) The Potential of Wetlands in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.003. The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. 2021. As per the table ecosystem, X has the highest diversity. Its the most detailed map of its kind so far. All these have led to increased levels of soil and water salinity, as well as to the reduction of the water table of desert pastures in the Aral Sea basin (Toderich, et al., 2013b). So, policymakers and scientists must collaborate to ensure that only native plant and tree species are used for afforestation, if the intervention is to count as a NbS. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their