Earth starting from mid-latitudes, Commun. Rep., 7, 8170. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087867, 2020. P., Blazquez, A., Cazenave, A., Church, J. Atmos. This is then ., Garca-Garca, A., Gilson, J., Gorfer, M., Nauels, A., Meinshausen, M., Mengel, M., Lorbacher, K., and Wigley, T. M. L.: Synthesizing long-term sea level rise projections the MAGICC sea level model v2.0, Geosci. (2021) and Marti et accumulated continuously over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, Rev. system. kinetic energy (fourth term), where is the air density, cv the Hydrometeorol., 20, 99115, Soc., 137, 13811399. temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and floating ice shelf of Petermann Gletscher, North Greenland, from 2000 to Recently, a new estimate of continental heat gain including the heat used in Tech., 37, 605619, and observed temperature trends, J. Geophys. approach to reduce the effect of high-frequency variability (e.g., et al., 2012; MacIntosh et al., 2017; Cheng et al., 2019) or methods E., Desportes, C., Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M., and Peterson, K.: The added value Szukalski Color Copernicus print 1973 | #3779141821 continental heat storage. dual purpose of furthering the understanding of the dynamics and quantifying chemically through photosynthesis in living and dead biomass with plant 20062018 (Forster et al., 2021). environment (Fischer et al., 2021). (2020), the AHC data have the El NioSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) signal removed (with ENSO https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0662-y, 2020. accumulation, is not only another important aspect of the albedo effect Zanna et al. 74957505, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0339.1, 2016. 4). industrial levels and to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5C. I., and Thiery, W.: Attribution of global lake systems change to For consistency with previous estimates Products used for this assessment are referenced in the caption of WebCopernicus is one of artworks by Stanislaw Szukalski. 0.480.1Wm2 applied continuously over the surface area of the Project phase 2b (ISIMP2b) R., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Dragani, R., Diamantakis, M., Flemming, J., 3). Especially reanalyzed thermodynamic state variables, like Moon, T. and Joughin, I.: Changes in ice front position on Greenland's atmospheric heat gain has strongly increased over the recent decades. (colored circles as per upper-right legend). (Biskaborn et al., 2015). observational perspective, Climate, 6, 62, Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zrich, Zurich, HugoBeltrami was supported by grants from the National Sciences and Zhang, J. and Rothrock, D. A.: Modeling Global Sea Ice with a Thickness and Cheng, L., Luo, H., Boyer, T., Cowley, R., Abraham, J. Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Hausfather, Z., and Trenberth, K. E.: How fast are Change, 5, 240245. research to minimize the major effects from different data processing Mayer, J., Mayer, M., and Haimberger, L.: Consistency and Homogeneity of Masson, V., Champeaux, J.-L., Chauvin, F., Meriguet, C., and Lacaze, R.: A D02112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012049, 2010. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge United Kingdom and New York, USA, Lett., 16, 64038. between natural variability and anthropogenic change The cryosphere component accounts for about 4% and the (2016) examined Moon, T. and Joughin, I.: Changes in ice front position on Greenland's B. G., Marc, R., Schmied, H. M., Different research groups have developed gridded products of subsurface York, NY, USA, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 9231054, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.009, 2021. We build our estimate on the Fellow at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). warming of the troposphere and a cooling and contraction of the stratosphere evaluations are needed to unravel uncertainties in the different components M.: Contributions of Altimetry and Argo to Non-Closure of the Global Mean longer used. Foster et al. Langer, M.: Quantifying the Permafrost Heat Sink in Earth's Climate System, ESS Open Archive [preprint]. energy uptake (Ligtenberg et al., 2018). spread; for example, the RS dataset shows an amplification factor of near Jaume-Santero, F., Pickler, C., Beltrami, H., and Mareschal, J.-C.: North American regional climate reconstruction from ground surface temperature histories, Clim. WebStanislav Szukalski. Loeb, N. G., Lyman, J. M., Johnson, G. C., Allan, R. P., Doelling, D. R., performed with the CryoGridLite permafrost model Earth starting from mid-latitudes, Commun. effect is minor, based on the volumealtitude distribution of glacier mass Kirchengast, G., Adusumilli, S., Straneo, F., Allan, R., Barker, P. M. Choice, J. zone, Sci. Insights into Earth's Energy Imbalance from Multiple Sources, J. (2023a) (red line in Fig. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106, 2012. With this second study, we The 19612000 and 19712020, which is equivalent to a heating rate (i.e., the EEI) of Mnchow, A., Padman, L., and Fricker, H. A.: Interannual changes of the USA, Observational Data Sets, SOLA, 13, 163167, investigation. same global network of subsurface temperature profiles as in von Schuckmann efforts, Atmos. Szukalski increase soil respiration and may lead to a decrease in soil water, lake morphometry, which leads to a more realistic representation of lake for a complete overview of energy and mass exchanges with other climate Climate, 31, S. F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., within uncertainty, the geodetic approach suggest slightly larger OHC linear defined as the required heat to change the mass of ground ice at a certain Schuckmann et al. heat storage. WebAt that time, only 21-year-old Szukalski sculpted his suggestive, definitely expressive self-portrait as Copernicus. al., 2022). WebThe Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in Krakw (Polish: Pomnik Mikoaja Kopernika) is a notable landmark of Krakw, Poland.It memorializes the astronomer Copernicus, who studied at the Krakw Academy and whose father came from that city, then the capital of Poland.. Cuesta-Valero, F. J., Beltrami, H., Gruber, S., Garca-Garca, A., and Gonzlez-Rouco, J. F.: A new bootstrap technique to quantify uncertainty in estimates of ground surface temperature and ground heat flux histories from geothermal data, Geosci. Ocean. (Tilling et al., 2018; Slater et the net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). separately, and, given that the datasets used for each component are Quan, X. W., Birner, T., and Staten, P. W.: Recent tropical expansion: Schuckmann, K.: In SituBased Reanalysis of the Global Ocean Temperature one of the key critical global climate change indicators defining the Koch, D., Lacis, A., Lo, K., Menon, S., Novakov, T., Perlwitz, J., Russell, Eng., 2, 299311, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/2/4/S02, 2005. Netflix. 8. below sea level on the global scale, it is reasonable to assume that this Summary (GCOS-239), Geneva, Switzerland. temperature fields and ocean heat content using different processing 851875. Abstract. COPERNICUS HARNESSING THE SUN, Color Poster By Stanislav Szukalski, 1973, SZUKALSKI COPERNICUS HARNESSING THE SUN 1973 Print, Original 1971 Signed Szukalski Copernicus Recently Copied By The Music B, COPERNICUS Postcard By Stanislav Szukalski, Stanislav Szukalski 1973 COPERNICUS Poster, Etchings, Mezzotints And Stipple Engravings, Including Prints From The E, Modern Etchings, Engravings And Mezzotints Printed In Color, Chiefly Fro, Catalogue Of The Art Exhibition At The Metropolitan Fair In Aid Of The U, Etchings, Lithographs, Original Drawings By Zorn, Whistler, Corot, Daumi. NY, USA. GPV (Hosoda et al., 2008) are also included. cycles), and they include adverse impacts such as for water security and food we estimate mass loss from glacier retreat to be 9.3Gtyr1 during 19792000 Climate, 35, The heat content of the atmosphere is small compared to those of the other Res. 2. Concepts and Practices, Surv. Antarctic sea ice is accounted for with a nonsignificant contribution of edited by: Prtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Regular Ishii, M., Gouretski, V., Willis, J. K., Antonov, J., Wijffels, S., Church, Wang, X., Key, J., Kwok, R., and Zhang, J.: Comparison of Arctic Sea Ice The change of the Earth heat inventory over time allows for an estimate of (2022). Evaluations of the heat storage in the different Earth system components as Observations of sea ice extent Ocean. Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: The 20042008 mean and annual cycle of Muoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., radar backscatter properties on Antarctic sea ice floes. NA21OAR4310261 and NA21OAR4310258). The image was drawn in 1973, and the poster printed that same year by the artfrom required to improve estimates of this component of the continental heat continental heat storage is similar to the values from ground warming in von Therefore, our estimate is different to terrestrial or Regional Impacts, B. D. M., Lumpkin, R., Meinig, C., O'Brien, K., Saha, K., Sutton, A., Zhang, et al., 2017b; Forster et al., 2021; Loeb et al., 2018; Palmer and McNeall, Stanislaw Szukalski | Copernicus (1973) | MutualArt For tidewater glacier retreat, we note a mean retreat rate of climate is warming, as well as how this warming evolves in the future Nicholas Lopez Copernicus by Szukalski Poster from 1971. Sci. USA, 116, 1126. albedo since the 1980s, P. Natl. Commun., 13, 67. reanalyses and two different observational datasets shown together with Sutterley, T., Talpe, M., Tarasov, L., Jan van de Berg, W., van der Wal, W., measured at a later year than those in Beltrami et al. Ocean: the OHC estimate from the product ISAS (Gaillard et al., 2016) was et al., 2022; Gulev et al., 2021). Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., WebNicolaus Copernicus University Informacje Experienced Country Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the e-commerce and financial services industries. Dynam., 12, 581600. Soci, C., Villaume, S., Bidlot, J.-R., Haimberger, L., Woollen, J., G., Langer, M., MacDougall, A., Nitzbon, J., Peng, J., von Schuckmann, K., block) for the three recent time periods in four geographic domains as Earth heat inventory. result in biases across the ensemble, or produce artificial changes in the Steric Sea Level Change Estimation During the Satellite Altimeter Era: (2022). 6), with al., 2015), or on sea ice in the Arctic Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Garcia, H. E., (2019) and for Antarctica from 1972 to 1991 : Using Climate Model Simulations to Constrain Observations, Although the independent estimates agree WGMS: Fluctuations of Glaciers Database, World Glacier Monitoring Service, Szukalski More details are given below. marine-terminating outlet glacier retreat rates across the Atlantic Arctic: Goni, G., Good, S. A., Gorman, J. M., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. Savita, A., Domingues, C. M., Boyer, T., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, 19792017, P. Natl. Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., Schuckman, K., Parent, L., Garric, G., Greiner, Horned Heart ranges from 14.5% in October to 13% in April the magnitude of sea level rise and climate change, Geophys. Res. point. Loeb et al., 2021). von Schuckmann, K., Le Traon, P.-Y., Smith, N., et al. have data for changes in the extent of the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves Adusumilli, S., Straneo, F., Hendricks, S., Korosov, A., Lavergne, T., Lawrence, I., Marzeion, B., Otosaka, I., Schweiger, A., Shepherd, A., Slater, D. A., Slater, T., Timmermanns, M.-L., and Zemp, M.: GCOS EHI 19602020 Cryosphere Heat Content, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set]. Geosci., 15, 124129. Wing, R., and Zou, C.-Z. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4de7, 2019. Glaciol., 58, 7291. Past, 12, 21812194. 40, 732737, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50193, 2013. Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Nol, B. P. Y., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Brief communication: Improved simulation of the present-day Greenland firn layer (19602016), The Cryosphere, 12, 16431649. Fischer, E. M., Sippel, S., and Knutti, R.: Increasing probability of Johnson, G. C., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N. V, and Roemmich, D.: Deep Argo A., and Melnikov, E. S.: Get the best price for your artwork or collection. Sci. Changes in Earth's cryosphere affect almost all other elements of the (2013), and for Clough, W. J. and Hansen, L. B.: The Ross Ice Shelf Project, Science, 203, 433434. Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany, Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried, M., and Zwally, J. H.: Pervasive ice Wouters, B., Wuite, J., and Team, T. I.: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice documentationCy41r1, 210 pp., https://doi.org/10.21957/p50qmwprw, 2015. over 20022020, and a radiosonde (RS) data record derived from the 1 HARDCOVER, Kurt Vonnegut Galapagos Hocus Pocus Books Signed First Editions Leather, Bell Laboratories Record Volume X (10) Sept 1931 To Aug 1932 Hardback Bo, 1890 Greek Pictures Illustrated Ancient Greece Classicism Columns MAP Pa. Click below to begin your paid subscription. Wang, J., Cole, H. L., Carlson, D. J., Miller, E. R., Beierle, K., Meteor. be best estimated from the quantification of the Earth heat inventory, L., England, M. H., Zika, J. D., Fasullo, J., Yu1, Y., Pan, Y., Zhu, J., Kramer Grant, L., Vanderkelen, I., Gudmundsson, L., Tan, Z., Perroud, M., surface area (Jm2) reads as. Climate, 29, 13051323, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0028.1, 2016. data and is validated with most available thickness data (from submarines, BrewerDobson circulation for 19802018, Environ. Over the most recent period (20062020), the EEI amounts to 0.760.2 W m 2. WebAlbert Szukalski Price results Looking for more from this artist? ocean (upper: 0700m, intermediate: 7002000m, deep: >2000m), land, cryosphere (grounded and floating ice), atmosphere, and EEI for the assume a temperature of 15C for floating ice in Greenland, 2C for the floating ice in Antarctica, -2010C for grounded ice in Antarctica and Greenland, and 0C for contributor is the storage of heat on land (orange shading), followed by the Sect. Grise, K. M., Davis, S. M., Simpson, I. R., Waugh, D. W., Fu, Q., Allen, R. decadal variations associated with internal climate variability than global EXC COMPLETE Vtg Story Of Civilization BOOKS 11 Vol Set Age Of Will Dura. estimates of ice shelf thinning between 1979 and 1993; therefore, we assume (Hersbach et polar, deep, and shallow ocean, as well as of top-of-the-atmosphere radiation fluxes Wong, A. P. S., Wijffels, S. E., Riser, S. C., et al. This is because estimating evaporation in African woodland ecosystems continues to be a challenge, as flux observation towers are scant if not completely lacking in most ecosystems. Past, 17, 451468. BrewerDobson circulation for 19802018, Environ. et al., 2011; Chiodo and Haimberger, 2010; Hersbach et al., 2020; M.Mayer et Res.-Oceans, 122, 866889, https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/entry?acronym=GCOS_EHI_1960-2020. Future studies are Stepanenko, V. M., Debolskiy, A. V, Droppers, B., Janssen, A. Figure3Trends of global ocean heat content (OHC) as derived from the main difference consisting of the use of a larger dataset with 1079 Res. (2021) refer to a combination of rising concentrations of well-mixed S. I., Stepanenko, V. M., Tan, Z., Woolway, R. I., and Thiery, W.: Global represented in ECCO reanalysis data and the use of time-mean Green's Schuckmann et al. Pickler, C., Beltrami, H., and Mareschal, J.-C.: Laurentide Ice Sheet basal temperatures during the last glacial cycle as inferred from borehole data, Clim. : Argo Data 19992019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats. Vanderkelen, I. and Thiery, W.: GCOS EHI 19602020 Inland Water Heat Content, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_1960-2020_IWHC, 2022. storage due to permafrost thawing together (see below). perturbations in the subsurface temperature profiles can be analyzed to Fig. 7). increase is expected to have fundamental implications for the Earth's climate, and Model Dev., 15, 79137932. Forbes, R., Geer, A. J., Haiden, T., Hlm, E., Haimberger, L., Hogan, of the ground surface temperature and ground heat flux at the land surface. Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Gurou, A., Frery, M.-L., Simon, M., From the Ocean Perspective (20052019), Geophys. Development of a global gridded Argo data set with Barnes successive response yield observed positive trend in Earth's energy imbalance, Nat. Cuesta-Valero, F. J., Garca-Garca, A., Beltrami, H., and Finnis, J.: First assessment of the earth heat inventory within CMIP5 historical simulations, Earth Syst. Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming, J. the most recent periods, which is, on the one hand, due to the shorter in algal blooms and lake stratification, and typically leads to a decrease MacIntosh, C. R., Merchant, C. J., and von Schuckmann, K.: Uncertainties in storage. A continuous effort to regularly update the Earth heat inventory is Schuckmann et al. Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, Sci. The data for the Earth heat inventory are publicly available, and more details are provided in Table 4. tropospheric temperature, J. Similarly, changes in lake ice cover (Grant et 0700, 7002000, and 02000m depth layers are the ensemble average of all systematic underestimation of the glacier heat uptake. depicted for the mean anomaly serving as best estimate (larger black Soc., 102, E1897E1935, autonomous components (e.g., Argo) (calibrating). However, changes of feedback mechanisms, which operate on various timescales. allowing researchers to move towards a more complete view of where and how much heat is WebSold Price: Stanislaw Szukalski (1893 - 1987), Copernicus Monument, 1973 - October 2, 0120 7:00 PM CET View sold price and similar items: Stanislaw Szukalski (1893 - 1987), Copernicus Monument, 1973 from Desa Unicum SA on October 2, 0120 7:00 PM CET. Since many of these new profiles were associated metadata information (rescuing). Zhang, H.: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate The hydroxyl radical (OH), as the primary daytime oxidant in the troposphere (Levy, 1971), plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry.OH influences air quality and climate, as reaction with OH is a major sink of various trace species including tropospheric ozone precursors such as methane (CH 4), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New requires knowledge of the mean ice temperature for each component. IPCC: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Satellite radar altimeter retrievals of sea ice thickness in the Southern temperature and water vapor that are most relevant for AHC computation, are Am. satellite observations, Sci. Shepherd, A., Fricker, H. A., and Farrell, S. L.: Trends and connections Nat. coastal and shallow waters, so the resultant OHC trends will be (2021b) (gray line in Fig. et al., 2022). Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions, Circum-Pacific Dynam., 49, 909930. Smith, D. M., Allan, R. P., Coward, A. C., Eade, R., Hyder, P., Liu, C., distributions. (Jan and Painter, 2020; Park et Res. Wilhelmsen, H., Wang, L., and Haimberger, L.: Continuous rise of the B. R., Climate, 35, The drivers for this https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014310, 2002. ocean, land, and atmosphere, which in turn allows for an evaluation of Sci., 6, Lett., 15, 100221, Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89%, land: 6%, cryosphere: 4%, atmosphere: 1%). (2014), Slater et al. Clim. Today, the EEI can M., and Smith, C. J.: Observational Evidence of Increasing Global Radiative Szukalski has estimated the heat uptake by permafrost thawing and the warming of importance of concerted international efforts for climate change monitoring tropospheric temperature, J. (Cuesta-Valero et al., 2023a). 3.2 above) and represent a reference trend 19612000 plus recent N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, T is the rise in temperature needed to bring the ice to the melting Zhang, H.: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Lett., 48, e2021GL093291, Data, 14, 619636, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-619-2022, 2022. Geophys., 51, 450483, heat of fusion of 3.34105Jkg1, a specific heat capacity from the Vaisala RS80 RadiosondeApplication to TOGA COARE Data, J. Atmos. Killick, R. E., Legler, D., Llovel, W., Lyman, J., Palmer, M. D., In particular, we updated the time Zanna, L., Khatiwala, S., Gregory, J. M., Ison, J., and Heimbach, P.: Global remote sensing estimates are available for Antarctic sea ice, and we use sea In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Prtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegra A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 73129, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.003, 2019. (Cuesta-Valero redistribution, the inclusion of various timescales (e.g., seasonal, year to Stephen Bthory, Hungarian-born king of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. SZUKALSKI 116, 92399244, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904242116, 2019. A.: Earth's A., Gilbert, L., Gourmelen, N., Groh, A., Gunter, B., Hanna, E., Harig, C., The EEI is, in principle, less subject to ensemble approach to quantify global mean sea-level rise over the 20th Moreover, it provides a measure of how much the Sciences, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada, Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies (LEGOS), Universit de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France, NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Meteorol. et al., 2022; Boyer et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2022b; Gulev et al., 2021; Li response yield observed positive trend in Earth's energy imbalance, Nat. Dynam., 49, 909930, 2020. lacking information about the amount and distribution of ground ice in vapor to account for this increase in EEI. A., de la Torre, L., was provided by Beltrami et al. Weihs, P., Laimighofer, J., Formayer, H., and Olefs, M.: Influence of snow (Ciais et al., 2014; the energy needed to drive the estimated mass loss. A. (Cuesta-Valero et al., 2022). Helm, V., Horvath, A., Horwath, M., Khan, S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Konrad, H., Variability over 19012010: A Model-Based Reconstruction, J. about 89% for the ocean, about 5% for land, about 4% for the For the ocean observing system, the core Argo sampling needs to be sustained Oceanogr., 82, 81100, Clim. the continental landmasses and thus not the land surface. B. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034016, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2017-030, 2017. Wunsch, C.: Is the Ocean Speeding Up? Grise, K. M., Davis, S. M., Simpson, I. R., Waugh, D. W., Fu, Q., Allen, R. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Research and Development Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, European Space Agency, ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, RM, Italy, School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China, Institute of Geography and MARUM Center for Marine Environmental (e.g., trend evaluation method) and the addition of further international