The Heartland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States. The Law of the Sea means each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast. 9th - 12th grade . Reefs are formations of coral, roughly shaped like mountains, which run just below the surface of the water. Denmark is located southwest of Sweden and due south of Norway and is bordered by the German state (and . According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. This international body, headquartered in Jamaica, is responsible for administering these resource projects through a business unit called the Enterprise. Examples from the United States, include the Louisiana Purchase from France and the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.Annexation implies the taking of land, frequently associated with at least some degree of coercion. With more 3.4 million square nautical miles (4 million square miles) of ocean, the U.S. EEZ is larger than the land area of all 50 states combined and is one of the largest EEZs in the world. The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Extradition Overview, Laws & Examples | What is Extradition? Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. The high seas are considered to be a global commons, and are governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Edit. The EEZ provides a framework for the management of marine resources and the protection of the marine environment, and it plays a role in shaping the balance of power between states in the global maritime system. The Contiguous Zone has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast. He later worked as a teacher, researcher, and politician, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in the UK during the early 20th century. Great Britain controlled the most colonies. The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. For example, the people may not agree with the boundaries or other states may not recognize them. The Spratly Islands have been claimed, fought over, and continue to be disputed by numerous countries, such as the Philippines, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Another 19 kilometers (12 miles) out comprises a contiguous zone for sovereign states, in which some control can be exercised (usually police and public-safety functions). We learned that the first set of regulations regarding the sea was known as the The Freedom of the Seas doctrine based on a book by Hugo Grotius. The dispute over the Gulf of Sidra illustrates the challenges posed by bays and straight baselines. Finally, they cannot be used to cut off another States access to their territorial sea or EEZ. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. They are also an important source of food, minerals, and other resources, and are home to a diverse array of marine life. EEZs of States worldwide constitute 38% of the oceans of earth that were considered part of the high seas prior to adoption of the LOSC. It stretches a long way in one direction (either north-south or east-west) and a very short way in the other direction. Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention states that a state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) a government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.Article 11 of the Montevideo Convention further provides that states are not to recognize territorial acquisitions that have been obtained by force. The establishment of high seas was instituted by the Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and includes 63 signatories. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. The LOSC specifically defines the various maritime zones and features. You cannot download interactives. An internal boundary is a line or border that divides one area or entity into two or more smaller areas or entities. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? Boundary disputes between indigenous groups: In some cases, boundary disputes may involve conflicting claims to land or territory by indigenous groups. The U.S. In many cases, political power is closely tied to territoriality, as the control of territory often confers economic, military, and symbolic advantages. Friedhelm Gltenboth, Walter Erdelen, in Ecology of Insular . Guam is an example of an occupied territory. The Law of the Sea sets regulations for countries to follow concerning use of the ocean. Power and Influence of Interest Groups in the European Union, Evolution of the Contemporary Political Map, The Role of Non-State Entities & International Organizations in World Conflicts. Territorial Sea Everything from the baseline to a limit not exceeding twelve miles is considered the State's territorial sea. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. 5030 of March 10, 1983). These rights extend not only on the surface but also to the seabed and subsoil, as well as vertically to airspace. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Territorial Sea = 12 miles of sovereignty away from coast Voting Boundaries in the US Districts set up based on population data from the census But lots has been done to mess with these boundaries in order to benefit different political parties gerrymandering = changing voting boundaries based on race, voting patterns, class, etc 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. Which of these is an example of an exclave? The Organic Theory asserts that a nation's power and prosperity are determined by the size and quality of its territory. Located between the eastern and western halves of Libya, the Libyan government under Muammar Gadhafi in the 1970s attempted to draw a straight baseline across the Gulf of Sidra and declare it as internal waters. - Definition & Meaning, Political Power & Territoriality: Definition & Example, International & Internal Boundaries: Definition & Function, Devolution, Supranationalism & Democratization, Political Science 102: American Government, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (082) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Chemical Safety: Preparation, Use, Storage, and Disposal, What is an Autoclave? Territorial sea - definition of territorial sea by The Free Dictionary The Territorial Sea includes 12 miles of complete sovereignty away from the coast. It outlines the freedoms of each country concerning the use of the ocean; provides rules for the safety of countries using the ocean; and dictates which pieces of the ocean will be given to each country. What is the EEZ? A 2,500-meter isobath means a line connecting the 2,500-meter depth of the seabed 10 LOSC, Article 79(1). Territorial sea is defined under the UNCLOS as the 12-nautical mile zone from the baseline or low-water line along the coast. GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. This hasn't stopped conflict from occurring, however, as most recently exemplified by the land and water claims in the South China Sea by China, Vietnam, and other nations. Within the EEZ, the coastal state has the right to explore and exploit, and conserve and manage, the natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and water column, and to establish and use artificial islands, installations, and structures. It established that each country could customarily lay claim to ocean up to three miles off their coast. The continental shelf is a natural seaward extension of a land boundary. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Despite its criticisms, Ratzel's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. This does not mean, however, they can do absolutely anything they want within those 12 miles. These rights are described in detail in Chapter Three: Freedom of Navigation. Define territorial sea. Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites, Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention, Chapter 6: Maritime Security, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Chapter 9: LOSC Dispute Resolution Provisions, Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Maritime zones are drawn using what the LOSC calls baselines. Unlike inland waters, coastal waters rise and fall in tides. A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. Two classic examples of fragmented states are Indonesia and the Philippines because they are states comprised of a few big islands and dozens of smaller islands. Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea. A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? Boundaries can be established for a variety of reasons, such as to protect property or resources, to mark the limits of a political entity, or to distinguish one area from another. 160 Packard Ave. . Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Heartland Theory: Nicholas Spykman (1893-1943) was an American diplomat and strategic thinker who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Rimland," which proposes that the control of the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) is the key to global dominance. There is an incentive for States to obtain island status for their deep ocean features. These include: To accommodate deeply indented coastline and fringes of islands along the coast, the LOSC allows for use of straight baselines.14 These baselines, drawn between features and coastline to created straight lines, allow States to create fixed points to deal with the wild distance variances caused by such features. Despite its criticisms, Mackinder's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. It proposes that the "rimland," the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass), is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's sea power. Due to the vulnerability of the surrounded state, it is often vital for that state to maintain good relations with the perforated state that surrounds them. Moreover, the territory of a state is unbreakable and may not be the object of military occupation or other measure of force. Create your account. Geography of Denmark. Source: Transport Geography These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. I feel like its a lifeline. Spykman argued that the rimland, which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? Political power refers to the ability of a group or individual to influence or control the decisions, actions, and resources of others. The main challenges associated with these zones are how variations in geography affect where zones end and where new zones begin. PDF United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea So-called historic bays, such as the Chesapeake Bay, are exempt from this provision. The prime and most recent example of this is China's recent claims to far greater territories in the South China Sea than what is allowed for by the Law of the Sea. A perforated state is a state that completely surrounds another state. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Irredentist movements have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world, as they often involve claims to territory that is already inhabited by other people. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. A dispute is a disagreement or difference of opinion between two or more parties. Law of the Sea - Study.com The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is up to 200 nautical miles to explore in and extract materials from. As seen in the graphic below, the LOSC divides the ocean into six different zones: Internal waters are all the waters that fall landward of the baseline, such as lakes, rivers, and tidewaters. That's why the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in the late 20th century. Disputes can arise in a variety of contexts, such as in personal relationships, in business or commercial transactions, or in the context of public policy or international relations. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. The Law of the Sea means each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast.. An antecedent boundary is the name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available. According to Spykman, the "rimland," which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. However, the nation (or nations) controlling the strait regulates the way passages are made. Straight baselines (which are not a feature, but change the baseline when used), Artificial Islands, Installations, and Structures. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means outside of and the prefix "en-" means inside of. Which of these is an example of a prorupted state? The first method is by measuring geological features using what is called the Gardiner formula. Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. AP Human Geography: Practice Tests and Flashcards, A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n), If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n), A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be, Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States.