The range of variation within these organisms is stunning. Which of the following are not used by protists for protection E. The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand. B. Their photosynthetic pigments appear brown, due to the presence of fucoxanthin. Stramenopiles: Diatoms, Golden Algae & Brown Algae TRUE about fungus-like protists and fungi. B. Which protist shares a more recent common ancestor with the poriferans? B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. lichenD. D. HO B. the absorption of RNA from prokaryotic cells. locomotion by extension of pseudopodia, The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of: gametes, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: from the water C. directing currents away from the Excavata This gives the flagellum a feathery appearance. What is the likely reaction of such a Pseudomonas cell to the presence of a food particle? Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an C. The zygote undergoes meiosis and produces many Rhizaria D. Foraminifera E. Stramenopila, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of Protists Flashcards - Easy Notecards T or F, Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae. Blastocystis is a parasite of humans;[25] D. Type III systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting whereas Type IV systems use modified pili as transfer tubes. Tests, if present, are of overlapping siliceous or organic scales or plates. C. it allows the development of drugs that make antibodies against the pathogen E. dinoflagellates, The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another A 'hairy' flagellum is often paired with a shorter, smooth flagellum. When a certain number of individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce the aggregation to respond collectively to stimuli. Which of the following statements DOES NOT characterize decomposers? B. Opisthokonta B. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. D. sharp projectiles mid-19th century because of a failure of the Irish potato crop caused B. red algae E. parasitism, Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to settle nearby. B. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates. The alveolates, protists characterized by the presence of sacs of fluid under the cell membrane called alveoli, are one such group. kinetoplastid The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") [2] are a group of protists, considered a major clade [3] and superphylum [4] within Eukarya. macronuclei and micronuclei. D. Decreasing light availability caused by an increase in suspended particles, Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. Which type of organisms are placed under the kingdom Protista? The amniotic egg evolved as an adaptation B. Other dinoflagellates lack this armor, and are referred to as naked. A. are all members of the same phylum What is the phylum Euglenozoa? 23.3C: Chromalveolata- Stramenopiles - Biology LibreTexts A. Directional movement toward the food particle using a swimming motion The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or hairy, flagellum. C. They avoid disintegration in water with low concentrations of salt. A. bioremediation moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell D. These pigments are waste products Changes that have occurred in living organisms over the past four billion years are due primarily to E. none of the other choices provided. undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three After four additional generations, how many total progeny cells do you expect there to be? 1. one strain was toxic and the other was not later acquires another one by phagocytosis. C. There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter. Stramenopiles have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c1/c2, and fucoxanthin as photosynthetic pigments. What do stramenopiles do? D. The macronuclei fuse with the micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an identical fused nucleus. E. flashing lights. E. a symbiotic relationship between two archaeons. Metaboly is a reduced level of metabolism that allows protists to osmotrophs, Heterotrophic protists that feed on nonliving organic material function as: E. They have a gram molecular weight of more than 1.0 whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a gram molecular weight of less than 1.0. plants and animals C. Nitrosolobus multiformis; A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots. pseudopodia B. possession of hard shells C. tertiary These protists are informally known as: Her salivary glands are not swollen. Most form a biflagellate cell at some stage in their life cycle. B. transduction EX: cyanobacteria, this group shares molecular and cellular wall features, five major subgroups called , , , , B. Directional movement toward the food particle using a gliding motion D. the fluorescing of Gram-positive bacteria E. none of This group is named for structures called alveoli, which are small, closely packed vesicles just under the plasma membrane. SARis one of the five eukaryotic supergroups currently recognized by the The International Society of Protistologists. 16 C. conjugation SAR includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular members, and individuals may be non-motile or motile by flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, or by other means. cilia State clearly the mole ratio used for the conversion. A. Akinetes are whole cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells. A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. C. autotrophs living around deep sea vents. Forams have a sporic life cycle. -They are autotrophs, but they are not parasite. provided are incorrect. E. cyclic land drift. disk-shaped mitochondrial cristae B. kinetoplasts C. decomposers C. plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. Which of the following is NOT true of horizontal gene transfer? plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped E. Its toxins damage fish Increasing concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by fertilizer runoff Rhizaria mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. A. thylakoids C. respond to light with the aid of flotation devices A. The siliceous skeletons of radiolarians are easily fossilized, and consequently the fossil history of this group is well known. D. domains mature cells Most of the groups listed below are currently recognized at the rank of class or order. is a(n): A. algaB. C. heterotroph It causes nervous disorders in humans. They are pathogenic. cyanobacteria Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. 2008 ). In a zygotic life cycle B. The name Stramenopiles (replacing the previous Chrysophyta, Heteokonts and Chromista) means straw-haired. Nearly all stramenopiles are either flagellates or produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. -Nutrients from dead organisms could not be recycled. -They are parasitic heterotrophs. D. a rare, desert-dwelling lizard. D. A jellyfish that died in an estuary. D. It can occur through endosymbiosis. E. lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, parasitic, In eukaryotes, genes involved in transcription and translation are derived from ___________. B. the earliest known arthropods. disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of Cavalier-Smith 1993, Bolidophyceae Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999, Phaeophyceae (brown seaweeds) Hansgirg 1886. [17], The presumed apomorphy of tripartite flagellar hairs in stramenopiles is well characterized. D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. What organisms are in the phylum Euglenozoa? - Erasingdavid.com Stramenopile microalgae as "green biofactories" for recombinant protein quality of light prevalent in their various preferred habitats and remain dormant under stressful environments. Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. These pigments Ciliatesare extremely common in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. A. yellow B. red-orange C. blue-green D. C. fatty acid chains Ochrophyta is an algal group belonging to the Stramenopiles and comprises diverse lineages of algae which contribute significantly to the oceanic ecosystems as primary producers. closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of A. Opisthokonta conjugation photosynthesis C. light absorbed by other pigments and zygote Which of the following statements is NOT true of Trichomonas vaginalis? 5.4 Algae - Microbiology | OpenStax nonmotile protists. Chrysophytes(golden algae and yellow-green algae): The golden algae and yellow-green algae are often placed in separate classes. A. it allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the pathogen Forams may be planktonic (floaters) or benthic (moving or burrowing on the sea bottom). D. to permit the embryo to develop undisturbed up to the time of hatching. E. Water vapor (HO), Genetic material (DNA and RNA) are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells. A summary of the major SAR phyla is provided below: This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. Listeria monocytogenes is a species of rod-shaped bacteria. Most stramenopiles are single-celled, but some are multicellular algae including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. liver E. spleen, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a: A. C. The eukaryotic flagellum is covered by the plasma membrane whereas that of the prokaryotes is not. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): D. fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) C. moderate pH disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to B. According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the origin of the nuclear genome involved: Type III systems bind to the cellular membrane by slimy mucilage and toxins diffuse across the membrane, whereas Type IV systems infect cells using pili as transfer tubes. zygote B. parasite sporophyte The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. -A host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another one. This implies that the stramenopiles arose as heterotrophs, diversified, and then some of them acquired chromoplasts. ThePaulinellaplastid seems to have arisen independently from a cyanobacteria relatively recently (perhaps in the last 100 million years). B. ester linkages D. All three domains diverged from a common ancestor at the same time. Second, when Chromalveolata was originally proposed, it was united based on the hypothesis that the members of the group were descended from a single biflagellate organism that engulfed a red alga via secondary endosymbiosis. It helped provide a date for the emergence of vertebrates. - rhizarians, sac like aveoli, fluid is for defense or benefits, histones proteins, RNA polymerase, ribosomal proteins, protein membrane, extremophiles, flagella, histone proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerases, moderate habitats, Gene transfer: If used narrowly, a chloroplast is a plastid which contains chlorophyll B, as in. sperm Given what you know about cyanobacteria, which of the following is the more similar species? Phaeophyta(brown algae): This is a large (1,500-2,000 spp.) B. are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms B. hairy flagella A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. D. Foraminifera C. depolarization of land masses. E. They protect against viruses. C. breaking down wastes, toxins, explosives, and petrochemicals (Please note that some textbooks are slightly out of date, and still refer to the Stramenopiles and Alveolates as supergroup Chromalveolata)[1]. B. slime molds Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. C. Amoebozoa A. This group includes marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms that may be flagellated or amoeboid. A. yellow fever D. dengue fever E. Lyme disease, Protists are NOT monophyletic. They play an important role in nutrient cycling. -A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. C. binary fission A. D. the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of protistan nutrition? The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different species, such as an endosymbiont and its host, is: There is an alternation of C. These pigments warn grazers of The anterior flagellum (usually) has one or two rows of glycoprotein appendages calledmastigonemes. First, although some phylogenetic analyses support a grouping of Stramenopiles and Alveolates as sister taxa, others cannot resolve the relationships between Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians. cramps C. diarrhea and dehydration D. headaches and Diatoms form unique two-part cell walls that are formed of silica oxide (SiO2). Haptophyta Coccolithophores A. C. It has important implications for inferring phylogeny. B. Based on this information, this organism can be classified to which supergroup? Which of the following characteristics is unique to the stramenopiles Which stages of a zygotic life cycle are haploid? A. ancient bacteria -Decomposers are autotrophic 2.both strains were toxic E. none of the other options presented, The surface of the cells of some Pseudomonas species are covered in numerous threadlike structures. The stramenopiles include the golden algae ( Chrysophyta ), the brown algae ( Phaeophyta ), and the diatoms ( Bacillariophyta ). On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles - ScienceDirect Stramenopiles have chloroplasts with four membranes, which probably arose when the first brown algae engulfed the red algae. B. B. C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms C. families cycle E. spontaneous generation, Diatoms have a special problem: A. because their + and - A. the use of microorganisms to treat open wounds Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, along with Alveolata and Rhizaria. That can be the case with stramenopiles, a large group of organisms composed of cells with a distinct form of chlorophyll. -become part of the soil of protist cells to a substrate E. the capture of food particles C. shooting acids Which of the following statements is NOT true of any Foraminifera? The dinoflagellate Pfisteria is an important protist. meiosis to produce eight micronuclei, of which seven disintegrate, (3) B. kingdoms E. Stramenopila. One of the daughter cells is normal, but the other has a mutation in the FtsZ protein, rendering the protein nonfunctional. A. pathogen The latter are among the most significant primary producers in marine and freshwater ecosystems. It they are to some other kinds of organisms, Which of the following types of organisms are NOT considered to be E. Participate in beach cleanup efforts, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: B. autotroph Phaeothamniophyceae Andersen & Bailey 1998 s.l. decomposers -It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. D. nitrogen fixation fuse to produce thick-walled diploid zygotes capable of surviving A. strep throat E. none of the choices provided. D. periphyton are grouped in the same supergroup by most biologists. D. Archaea bottom until stimulated by chemicals from fish. These often form a pellicle, which is used in various species for motility, defense, or host cell invasion. Metabolically they include chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and mixotrophs. Their evolutionary relationships remain an area of active research. separate, each with two nuclei, one of its own and one from its D. tetanus [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. D. a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. How many species of stramenopiles are there? T or F, Ornate glassy coatings protect diatoms. A. against predation. C. algae The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction is that it: D. Stramenopila The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes and separated from each other, is known as. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. Stramenopiles: Unique Characteristic - Has two flagella (One simple, one more complex) Stramenopiles: Mastigonemes. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other Chlorarachniophytespossess plastids that are considered to have been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. gametophyte In sexual reproduction in ciliates the sequence of events is: A. E. They synthesize organic molecules. The posterior flagellum is smooth (whiplash flagella), trailing, and shorter, sometimes much reduced. each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. C. pili The tripartite hairs have been lost in some stramenopiles - for example in most diatoms (although these organisms still express mastigonemic proteins - see below). They are named for their cilia, which function to move the organism through the water, and/or to direct food into anoral groove. Both frustules are replaced by individuals that are formed sexually. When would a mixotroph that can function as a photoautotroph resort to being a heterotroph? Select the statement that correctly describes differences among these four types of algae. the organism, collect food, and propel reproductive cells, E. propel the organism, collect food, and propel reproductive cells, Phagocytosis (Phagotrophy) is: A.attack of cells by They are photosynthetic. Some lineages (such as the axodine lineage that included the chromophytic pedinellids, colourless ciliophryids, and colourless actinophryid heliozoa) have secondarily reverted to heterotrophy. Physical examination shows a dry mouth, mild gingivitis, and an ulcer on the back of the lower lip. In the past, they were grouped with fungi and other protists based on their morphology. diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides mitotically, producing diploid