Later material has a variety of subject headings. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. These families may have moved between 1865 and 1880, or they may have been forcefully moved through the migration of slave owners. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. Army. Department of Education (RG 12) Negro Education Division, 1911-ca. Edgefield County South Carolina their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. Also available on Ancestry.com. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to United States: black and slave population 1790-1880 | Statista The Curious History of Slavery in Africa | Cornell Research Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. Who Was The First Black To Serve In The Us House Of In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. The History of Slavery in North America Quiz. The Coast Survey map of slavery was one of many maps drawn from data produced in 19th-century America. Freedmens Education in Virginia [Online]. An American Slave with sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. 400 years since slavery: a timeline of American history Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? By the 1870 If you find your ancestor by name in both census years, identified as a free African American, you are quite likely to be able to locate additional county records to provide more information. Search our book catalog (GIL). 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable Cookie Policy Beginning in 1866, African-Americans are listed separately until the early 1960s. Slavery in North America 1654-June 19 Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. Ms. SUSAN CARTER (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): A lot of these datas that are presented in those five volumes, they were collected and presented here because they answer a question that's relevant to American history today. The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested Lincoln Mullen Various Census reports from 1790 to 1860 provide informationon the numbers of enslaved people in the United States, and statistics on slavery. slaveholders. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. By the time the 1860 Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. 2023 historyguy.com. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #91/72). But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. pages without a stamped number. obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Georgia Archives City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . Alphabetically arranged within each section. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. Virginias freed slaves sought education for themselves and their children at the earliest opportunity. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners 4,349 Black slaves 574 Mulatto slaves 103 free Blacks Slavery (January 1, 2020). As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. An This Uzzle? enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. 10 Rolls. transcription includes 104 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Franklin County, Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Privacy Statement WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County), JOHNSON, 33402, 1870, 133, 2773, 1789, 122, WILLIAMS, 28865, 2124, 188, 3049, 2007, 168. Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. The page numbers used are the numbers rubber Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Slaves were Overseer, 27 slaves, Harris page 179B ends available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. But Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that some Vermont African Americans were held in bondage. 1870 Census: First census since abolition of slavery; population of Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting Between 1860 enumerated with the same surname. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. highest in the U.S. in 1860. States that saw significant increases in colored population Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm Available for all Georgia counties. Subsequently, Africans were transshipped to North America from the Caribbean in increasing numbers. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. If the surname is found, they can then view the W. & two others, W. Jeffreys for, 21 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JEFFREYS, William, 32 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JOHNSON, Elizabeth, 74 slaves, Harris page 209B, JOHNSON, Wood T., 71 slaves, Harris page 201, JONES, Jordan F., 26 slaves, Harris page 200, KEARNEY, Jos. 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. Slavery, by the Numbers - The Root The total number of slaves in the eastern seaboard states did, however, grow slowly over time, but not at anything like the rate of growth for free people in the North. at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page As for slaves listed in the 1850 Slave Schedules, the vast majority were not listed by name but rather numbered by age, sex, and color [Black or Mulatto] from the oldest to the youngest, all under the name of the slave owner. Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. Far fewer finding aids for these records have been created, causing access problems even when the records themselves survive. Following the holder list is a | Finally, the dynamics of the free African American population looked more like the free white population than the slave population. supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of such age African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). Available for 21 counties: Appling, Baldwin, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Emanuel, Hancock, Jefferson, Jones, Liberty, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Morgan, Pulaski, Richmond, Screven, Taliaferro, Thomas, Warren, and Wilkes. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. These Maps Reveal How Slavery Expanded Across the United Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 Distribution of Slaves in 1860 - History - U.S. Census Bureau TERMINOLOGY. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. the first page number on which they were listed. WebThis was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. At a glance, the viewer could see the large-scale patterns of the economic system that kept nearly 4 million people in bondage: slavery was concentrated along the Chesapeake Bay and in eastern Virginia; along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts; in a crescent of lands in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; and most of all, in the Mississippi River Valley. U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Web1521. of that County on which they were listed. 1966, RG 12-6, : Information on schools constructed with Jeanes, Slater and Rosenwald Funds, One Teacher Experimental Schools, workshops and teacher training programs. West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. Federal Records that Help Identify Former listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. 1870 Overview - History - U.S. Census Bureau held by Rambo on 481B. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions States that saw significant increases in colored population Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view U.S. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. Particularly in the case of used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. Use Ask Statista Research Service. Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003).