Did clarissa WebBorn into the one of the great families of the Italian Renaissance, Clarice Orsini was the daughter of Jacopo Orsini of Monterotondo, a man whose family had made its fortune as mercenaries. In 1585, Margaret abandoned her husband and was even imprisoned. Catherine de' Medici's parents die when she was a baby; however, it was from separate sicknesses. Caron's vivid Mannerism, with its love of ceremonial and its preoccupation with massacres, reflects the neurotic atmosphere of the French court during the Wars of Religion. At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); To celebrate the 500th birthday of the formidable Catherine de Medici, we will be posting seven articles over the next seven days about her. As a baby, she was given to Nostradamus' father who tried to remove the mark but only ended up making it worse. Catherine believing her daughter had died in the forest, while Clarissa never knew who her birth parents were. Catherine asked Henry to act before Margaret brought shame on them again. During this time, she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts. Claude was raised alongside her sister Elisabeth, the future Queen of Spain, and sister-in-law Queen Mary of Scotland. He remarried to Marie de Medici and had several children by her. [82], Two years later, Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty-three. However, he denied ever providing such advice. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England. Catherine herself had been educated by Cosimo Ruggeri in astrology and astronomy, which were closely linked in her day[143] and were an academic rather than a Satanic activity,[144] although his general background and favourite status suggests there was more to it than that. She was soon part of marriage negotiations and was considered as a bride for King Edward VI of England. A distinctive new art form, the ballet de cour, emerged from these creative advances. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". [99] "Take care", she wrote to the king, "especially about your person. Thenceforth the problem of religion was one of power, public order, and administration. She died on 27 March 1615.2. [48], Charles IX was nine years old at the time of his coronation, during which he cried. He cites Cloulas (. [148] Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for witchcraft in Italy. She was left with a desire for revenge against her mother, saving Mary, Queen of Scots from Colin MacPhail when Catherine sent Colin to rape her in 1557; she then helped Colin in attempting to escape from prison by marking another prisoner for death in his stead. [76] Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Htel de Bthisy, where the surgeon Ambroise Par removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors. Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. About 1538, at the age of 19, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old Diane de Poitiers,[27] whom he adored for the rest of his life. In October 1586, therefore, he had Margaret locked up in the Chteau d'Usson. 42 Scandalous Facts About Catherine de Medici I began this website in 2013 because I wanted to share these women's amazing stories. [14] In October 1529, Charles's troops laid siege to Florence. "[100], Henry was unable to fight the Catholics and the Protestants at once, both of whom had stronger armies than his own. Did Queen Catherine of France have a deformed daughter? Catherine ended the first civil war in March 1563 by the Edict of Amboise, an attenuated version of the Edict of January. She was not primarily responsible for the more far-reaching Treaty of Saint-Germain (August 1570), but she succeeded in disgracing the Guises. Her merciful Edict of Amboise (March 1560) was followed in May by that of Romorantin, which distinguished heresy from sedition, thereby detaching faith from allegiance. WebCatherine de Medicis full name is Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de Medici. Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian, who had acted on Machiavelli's principles to kill all enemies in one blow. [46], When Catherine realized Francis was going to die, she made a pact with Antoine de Bourbon by which he would renounce his right to the regency of the future king, Charles IX, in return for the release of his brother Cond. From the notorious to the half-forgotten, Queens of Infamy, a Longreads series by Anne Thriault, focuses on badass world-historical women of centuries past. Margaret, however, was secretly involved with Henry of Guise, the son of the late Duke of Guise. When Francis II died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was thus granted sweeping powers. The last two daughters were twins; one of the twins, Joan, died during the delivery and the other, Victoire, died a few weeks later. [21] King Francis lamented, "The girl has come to me stark naked."[22]. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! [122], Many of Caron's paintings, such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons, are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine's court was famous. To save Catherines life, baby Joan dead or dying had her legs broken to remove her from her mothers womb. In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. The start of Season One, in 1557, Diane de Poitiers was actually 58 years old. Margaret of Valois, Frances Slandered WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! "[123] Catherine gradually introduced changes to the traditional entertainments: for example, she increased the prominence of dance in the shows that climaxed each series of entertainments. Kill them all! She begged him to ensure that Elisabeth eats but two meals each day and only bread in between meals. Tragically, Elisabeth had died two weeks earlier after giving birth prematurely. She was not strictly entitled to a role in Francis's government, because he was deemed old enough to rule for himself. Young Elisabeth constantly suffered from childhood ailments and had not inherited her mothers robust health. Claude gave birth to Catherines first grandson, named Henry, on 8 November 1563. [56] The Catholics took Rouen, but their triumph was short-lived. Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. Diane de Poitiers At first Catherine kept him very close to her, and even slept in his chamber. Rumours immediately spread that Catherine had ordered Joans death, but she had nothing to gain the wedding contract had already been signed. Clarissa and Catherine Viscount Catherine's former lover and Clarissa's father was Richard DelaCroix. She gave birth to ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived to marriageable age. On 11 April 1572, Margaret was betrothed to Henry of Navarre, the future King of Navarre and also in line for the French throne after Margarets brothers. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen, but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government. At the age of five and a half, Mary was brought to the French court, where she was promised to the Dauphin, Francis. [118] There were also hundreds of portraits, for which a vogue had developed during Catherine's lifetime. His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the ftes, picnics, and mock battles of the "magnificent" entertainments hosted by Catherine. Upon the death of her brother Henry in 1589, her husband became the King of France and she the Queen. [128], Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings. [11], In 1527, the Medici were overthrown in Florence by a faction opposed to the regime of Clement's representative, Cardinal Silvio Passerini, and Catherine was taken hostage and placed in a series of convents. She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes. [119] After Catherine's death, a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in. [39] For the moment, Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity. [109] On 23 December 1588, he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the Chteau de Blois. He will not be spoken of again. Surgeons saved her life by breaking the legs of Jeanne, who died in her womb. Henry wrote a note to Villeroy, which began: "Villeroy, I remain very well contented with your service; do not fail however to go away to your house where you will stay until I send for you; do not seek the reason for this my letter, but obey me." [63] The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 2223 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued. She even encouraged the king to spend more time with Catherine and sire more children. I am surprised that she never did worse. L'Estoile wrote: "those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son's deed. Franois Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine's family and of many members of the court. On 20 August 1560, Catherine and the chancellor advocated this policy to an assembly of notables at Fontainebleau. She was left in the care of Nostradamus, who secretly brought her to the French court and allowed for her to live in the secret passageways of the castle, out of the sight of her family, who believed that she had died. Clarissa Delacroix(1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. Not interested? The 10 years from 1560 to 1570 were, politically, the most important of Catherines life. Omissions? Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Rome where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes. From that moment, she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression. Clarissa It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio (15041570), with sculpture by Germain Pilon (15281590). Three days later, Admiral Coligny was walking back to his rooms from the Louvre when a shot rang out from a house and wounded him in the hand and arm. Through the intervention of Doctor Jean Fernel, the royal couple went on to have 10 children. In August 1563 she declared the King of age in the Parlement of Rouen and, from April 1564 to January 1566, conducted him on a marathon itinerary round France. Its principal purpose was to execute the edict and, through a meeting at Bayonne in June 1565, to seek to strengthen peaceful relations between the crown and Spain and to negotiate for Charless marriage to Elizabeth of Austria. In 1561, with the support of the distinguished chancellor Michel de LHospital, she began by trying to propitiate the leaders of both religious factions, to effect reforms and economies by unassailably traditional methods, and to settle the religious conflict. They witnessed the first three civil wars and her desperate struggle against the Catholic extremists for the independence of the crown, the maintenance of peace, and the enforcement of limited toleration. Charles and Claude had a happy marriage, and their close proximity to the French court meant that they were able to visit Catherine often. She was crowned in the Basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549. Catherine de' Medici [116] She was inspired by the example of her father-in-law, King Francis I of France, who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court, and by her Medici ancestors. [80], The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. "As the daughter of the Medici," suggests French art historian Jean-Pierre Babelon, "she was driven by a passion to build and a desire to leave great achievements behind her when she died. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Joan became even sicker, and she died, shortly before her son arrived, on 9 June. Spouse: King Henry II. In what has been called a coup d'tat, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guisewhose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis II the year beforeseized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palace with the young couple. It is essential to understand this in order to discern the coherence of her career. He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust". [149] In any event, the rumours have made a mark on Catherine's reputation over time, and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the occult. As Guise entered the king's chamber, the Forty-five plunged their blades into his body, and he died at the foot of the king's bed. "The Louvre: Royal Residence and Temple of the Arts". From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. "If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner", she told the Venetian ambassador, "peace would have been achieved more quickly". Possibly Catherines most concrete achievement was the Edict of January 1562, which followed the failure of reconciliation. "[83], Henry was Catherine's favourite son. Victoire and Jeanne were twin daughters born in 1556; Jeanne was stillborn due to surgeons breaking her legs to save her mother's life;[a] Victoire survived, dying less than two months later. In fact, by her death, that land was filled with regrets, and M. de Lorraine mourned her so much that, though he was young when widowed of her, he would not marry again, saying he could never find her like, though could he do so he would remarry, not being disinclined. The death of her husband's older brother in 1536 made Henry and Catherine next in line for the throne. WebCatherine's mother died when she was two-weeks-old and her father soon afterwards. Slowly, however, he lost his sight, speech, and reason, and on 10 July 1559 he died, aged 40. Claude and Charles would go on to have nine children, of which seven would survive to adulthood. After the Edict of Beaulieu, they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion. Catherine, Diane, and Prince Francis all fainted. After becoming pregnant once, Catherine had no trouble doing so again. Even so, he respected Catherine's status as his consort. Henry VIII was king of England and still (mostly) happily married to Catherine of Aragon. [92] Her role in his government became that of chief executive and roving diplomat. Writing that she wanted to see Jeanne's children, she promised not to harm them. Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown, Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois. [41] When the Guises heard of the plot,[42] they moved the court to the fortified Chteau of Amboise. He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. [4] Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise. [136][137] They point out that Catherine's father-in-law, King Francis I, and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy's most lite tables during the king's Italian campaigns (and that an earlier generation had done so during King Charles VIII's invasion of 1494); that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de' Medici's father to her French-born mother; and that she had little influence at court until her husband's death because he was so besotted by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. In early 1572, Joan Henrys mother and Queen regnant of Navarre arrived in France feeling ill and tired but determined to see the marriage negotiations through. Learn how your comment data is processed. He was also healthier, though he suffered from weak lungs and constant fatigue. Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish-papal plot to end Coligny's influence on the king. The challenges Catherine faced were complex and in some ways difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Key Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th-century politics. [51] In January 1562, Catherine issued the tolerant Edict of Saint-Germain in a further attempt to build bridges with the Protestants. WebHenry II was the philandering king of France who carried out an affair with Kenna, lady-in-waiting to the queen of Scotland, despite already being married to Catherine de' Medici.He was an ambitious man, especially when it came to taking England, which he spent years trying to do.Following his son's marriage to Mary Stuart, Henry descended into madness [85] Catherine did all in her power to bring Francis back into the fold. Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [, Holt, 83. Blunt, 98, 100. [34] Their proxy wedding, in Paris on 22 June 1559, was celebrated with festivities, balls, masques, and five days of jousting. [89] Catherine wrote, the next day: "I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me, although I realize that God's will must be obeyed, that He owns everything, and that He lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us. Nevertheless, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on 8 August 1570 because the royal army ran out of cash, conceded wider toleration to the Huguenots than ever before. Then he set about the business of finding her a husband.[16]. [97] By 1585, Henry III had no choice but to go to war against the League. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Charles had been largely brought up at the French Court and Claude probably knew him well. "[131] Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II's heart. She gave birth to ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived to marriageable age. The murder triggered an aristocratic blood feud that complicated the French civil wars for years to come. She presided over his council, decided policy, and controlled state business and patronage. [121] In the last two decades of her life, only two painters stand out as recognisable personalities: Jean Cousin the Younger (c.1522 c.1594), few of whose works survive, and Antoine Caron (c.1521 1599), who became Catherine's official painter after working at Fontainebleau under Primaticcio. [125], Catherine de' Medici's great love among the arts was architecture. "[112] She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed. Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke against the Guise persecutions, though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots, whose beliefs she never shared. Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. Did Catherine de Medici have Essentially, however, there exists no concrete proof that either woman took part in the occult, and it is now believed that Catherine's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to Henry II's penile deformity.[142]. Catherine was one of his godparents and was overjoyed to see her daughter again. A poem by Ronsard, engraved on its base, tells the reader not to wonder that so small a vase can hold so large a heart, since Henry's real heart resides in Catherine's breast.[132]. [81] On 29 September, when Navarre knelt before the altar as a Roman Catholic, having converted to avoid being killed, Catherine turned to the ambassadors and laughed. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again, and this time, Montgomery's lance shattered in the king's face. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. The last two daughters were twins; one of the twins, Joan, died during the delivery and the other, Victoire, died a few weeks later. Frieda 2003, p. 47 (NY edition). Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. The legend that de' Medici introduced a long list of foods, techniques and utensils from Italy to France is discredited by food historians. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. Eight months later, Jacques Clment stabbed Henry III to death. [2] In return, she was blamed for the persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in France. The Venetian ambassador, Gerolamo Lipomanno, wrote: "She is an indefatigable princess, born to tame and govern a people as unruly as the French: they now recognize her merits, her concern for unity and are sorry not to have appreciated her sooner. She is also known for her involvement in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1572)part of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298)and for being mother to three kings of France. Died in infancy. 16th-century Italian noblewoman and queen consort of France, Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in. Born Giulio de' Medici, Catherine's uncle took the name Clement VII upon becoming pope in 1523. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. [115], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. [129] Poets lauded her as the new Artemisia, after Artemisia II of Caria, who built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus as a tomb for her dead husband. Catherine was heard yelling at her for taking lovers. Margaret later recalled that she saved the lives of several prominent Huguenots during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people.
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