If the signalman can see the pilots eyes, the pilot can see the signals. Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. Type II fluids are designed for use on an aircraft with take-off rotation speeds of 100 to 110 knots or more and may be applied when substantial time is anticipated between deicing and take-off. done safely requires planning, coordination, and attention. But as you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway as a taxiway. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. to hold short of a particular runway or taxiway. Is it permissible to use avgas in a turbine engine? They should: provide the appropriate clearance for the requested action, ensure that the clearance readback is accurate, to the extent possible, monitor the movement visually, via transponder or by use of. 0000019673 00000 n Deicing for Safe Taxiing. While this might seem hard when you first try it, you will soon get used to the feeling and be able to anticipate the momentum of the airplane. Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports Date: 9/1/2015 Initiated By: AAS-300 AC No: 150/5210-20A . Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. Ignition occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit. 1 / 32 Controlled movement of an airplane using its own power while on the ground. Of course, ramps, taxiways, and runways covered with ice, snow, or slush will cause traction problems, as well as possible adhesion of ice and slush to critical airplane surfaces due to splashing. Damaged or defective equipment is dangerous, often resulting in injuries to personnel or damage to equipment and aircraft, so all equipment used for towing aircraft should undergo regular maintenance and, crucially, it should be inspected at the beginning of each shift. Within . A selection of events that involved an aircraft being towed: On 27 September 2017, an Airbus A320 being manoeuvred off the departure gate at Dublin by tug was being pulled forward when the tow bar shear pin broke and the tug driver lost control. In this section, we discuss the specific issues associated with ground operations in icing conditions. aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy - howtostarta.net <<1AF4B2B9BBFFB44AAB3E066EEEC6E7A1>]/Prev 308566/XRefStm 2565>> Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel, etc. Continue with Recommended Cookies. 0000050358 00000 n 0000049616 00000 n Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. High noise levels that might cause hearing damage. What procedure should be followed prior to starting a large radial engine to detect and/or prevent a hydraulic lock in the cylinders? Proper effective scanning for other aircraft, surface vehicles, or other objects should be continuously exercised in all cases, At those airports where the U.S. Government operates the control tower and ATC has authorized noncompliance with the requirement for two-way radio communications while operating within the Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, or at those airports where the U.S. Government does not operate the control tower and radio communications cannot be established, pilots must obtain a clearance by visual light signal prior to taxiing on a runway and prior to takeoff and landing, Leaning the mixture could be helpful to save fuel, avoid fouled spark plugs, and reduce emissions when using 100LL during long taxi's or long waits for takeoff, If leaning, always remember to move the mixture back to rich before takeoff, Taxi speed is not explicitly regulated; however, common sense must apply so as not to operate in a "careless or reckless manner" (, While on a ramp, you should not taxi any faster than one can walk, While on a taxiway, you should not taxi faster than one can jog, When entering a turn, be mindful of the stress you are placing on the landing gear as you turn, Care must be exercised when taxiing at night, in low visibility, or toward the sun to remain situational awareness as to where you are and what is around you, This means half the speed and twice the caution, Runways are generally flat surfaces however small changes in elevation will impact the speed at which the aircraft moves, You will require more power uphill and less downhill, Every turn you make will impact the amount of power required to some degree, It is unlikely however, that you'll need to adjust than around 100 RPM to overcome to effects of slope, Avoid taxiing over any noticable dips on the surface that could put undue stress on the landing gear, or damage wheel pants, if applicable, If taxiing in cold weather conditions such as snow, ice, or slush, avoid taxiing over contaminated surfaces, if possible, If slush or ice is suspected to have contaminated the landing gear, consider touch-and-go's to clear ice from frozen gear, Taxi slower when objects on the surface have the potential to be kicked up onto the aircraft, Taxi speed is especially important in cold weather operations the aircraft may not only lose traction, but could kick up slush or water onto wings and control surfaces, increasing weight and possibly inhibiting range of motion, Crosswinds can effect an aircraft, even when moving at slower speeds on the ground during taxi, Moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator sometimes necessary to control pitch, Downwind taxiing will usually require less power and may require none, but do not ride the brakes, The upwind wing will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction, Weathervaning may occur as the wind effects a large portion of the aircrafts side [, This is more apparent in a tail wheel aircraft given the wheel is farther behind the center of gravity and comparatively farther from the main gear, The aileron and elevator should be positioned in such a way as to prevent undesirable effects on the aircraft, Remember the memory aid to: dive away and fly into the wind, The elevator must be neutral (for tricycle gear airplanes) or up (for tailwheel airplanes), Remember also that turns will require change the direction the wind is coming from relative to the aircraft, requiring a change in control positions, It will require a large amount of power to initially move the aircraft, As the aircraft starts to move, power must be retarded, possibly as far back as idle, to prevent continued acceleration, Steer with rudders, keeping your feet over, but not on, the breaks, Riding the brakes will reduce their lifespan and could render them less effective, Many high performance aircraft can produce enough thrust that riding the brakes may be necessary to keep the aircraft from speeding up; brake judiciously, Jet aircraft can be dangerous when exhaust is swept across an area, Reduce the power to idle in a turn, but remember an aircraft stopped in a turn takes a lot of power to get moving again, Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller, This may prevent visual confirmation of an aircraft's adherence to taxi instructions, If pilots become disoriented, it is vitally important to notify the controller immediately, Pilots should proceed with extreme caution when taxiing toward the sun, When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller, Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced "LVO SMIGS") describes an adequate example of a low visibility taxi plan for any airport which has takeoff or landing operations in less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility conditions. of the aircraft. Critical phase of flight includes all ground operations Description. If clearance is not understood, ASK! Even though FBO personnel may deice your aircraft, you are ultimately responsible for ensuring that it was done appropriately. For general aviation, however, insufficient or improper ground deicing/anti-icing continues to cause several fatalities a year. FAA figures reveal that the percentage of pilot-caused runway transgressions Having correct crosswind input on your control surfaces will also help you maintain the centerline. 0000011606 00000 n involve accidents, but the potential for a catastrophe accompanies each and A good flight starts with an uneventful taxi and proper set up for departure. The AC now addresses aircraft being taxied . These include: inappropriate use of a restricted taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan. Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. If frozen contaminants are present on the aircraft's critical surfaces they must be deiced and anti-iced (as appropriate) on the ground prior to take-off. Driving infractions should be investigated and additional training provided where appropriate. at Tenerife, Canary Islands. The word "OIL" and the permissible grades and/or types or a reference to the appropriate Airplane Flight Manual for permissible grades and/or types. 0000153503 00000 n When taxi instructions are received from the controller, pilots should always read back: Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait, Controllers are required to request a read-back of runway hold short assignment when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle, The control tower also issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide service due to non-visibility or other reasons, This is usually done through ATIS/AWOS remarks, Begin taxi, monitoring ground frequency until into the run-up area, Exit the runway without delay, at the first available taxiway, or as instructed, All parts of the aircraft must be across the hold short line to be considered off the runway, When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions, An essential requirement in conducting safe taxi operations is where the pilot maintains situational awareness, Depending on the airport, parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled, The pilot should make themselves familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment, Especially at unfamiliar airports, review, and have available the, If routing is expected to be complex, consider listening to ground control, if able, on, The pilot must be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions, If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and check the clearance, It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew, When taxiing, the pilot's eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing and potential conflicts, especially at intersections, It is helpful to use internal callouts to accomplish this task: ", The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize any potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes, The pilot should accurately place the aircraft centered on the taxiway at all times, Some taxiways have above ground taxi lights and signage that could impact the airplane or propellers if the pilot does not exercise accurate control, When taxiing, the pilot must slow down before attempting a turn, Sharp high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in tire damage or an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop, Swerves are most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading, In moderate to high-wind conditions, the airplane may weathervane increasing the swerving tendency, Good operating practice dictates that pilots acknowledge all runway crossing, hold short, or takeoff clearances unless there is some misunderstanding, at which time the pilot should query the controller until the clearance is understood, NOTE: Air traffic controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read-back of all runway hold short instructions, Also, without clearance to cross a runway, you should never cross a red sign-think of it as a stop sign, Pilots operating a single pilot aircraft should monitor only assigned ATC communications after being cleared onto the active runway for departure. Aircraft structural 0000247519 00000 n This will allow you to focus on your route and communication. are both monitoring that frequency. This version represents a major rewrite. All comments made here are public and may be republished by Flying. 0000249683 00000 n The FAA and Transport Canada publish holdover time guidelines which are the times aircraft surfaces can be expected to remain protected from refreezing after anti-icing. Can I taxi to the end of the ramp without permission, or do I call before releasing the brakes? In fact, more than a few aviation safety incidents or near misses have occurred simply while on the ground during a ground or taxiing procedure. Manoeuvring around an aircraft partially blocking a taxiway (as might be the case if the aircraft was approaching, but not yet at the stop point of, a gate) can lead to collision. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? If a mixture of aviation gasoline and jet fuel is used in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are the possible results? These accumulations may refreeze after take-off and impede control or gear movements later. The idea is that the tower or ATC would see this abnormality and be able to intervene without the hi-jacker knowing that anyone had been tipped off. produce significant hazards to flight. the Airmen's Information Manual states that when clearing a runway after landing, This is an ideal place to put the airport diagram. Read reports on Transportation Safety Board investigations into specific aviation safety issues. Safety, Ground Operations, and Servicing Flashcards | Quizlet Describe the important precautions that should be observed when fueling an aircraft. What Does a Pilot Require To Remain Current in an Aircraft Requiring a Type Rating? of the two hundred twenty-four runway transgressions reported in 1991, forty-one would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during Safe ground and taxiing procedures - Golf Hotel Whiskey Its nothing like driving a car, and can be frustrating zigzagging down the taxiway or making turns too sharp or shallow until youve mastered the skill. pilot must then challenge him/her to be sure that the clearance was understood. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. 0000250038 00000 n 0000138970 00000 n Let's review some of the things which problems. loading flight management computers. Ice is a predominant cold weather threat that can place an . f) Procedures for refueling and/or defueling aircraft Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? Five hundred and eighty-three souls perished in Les Instructions techniques pour la scurit du transport arien de marchandises dangereuses de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (IT de l'OACI), sont incorpores par renvoi dans le RTMD, ce qui fixe la rglementation pour le transport arien scuritaire de marchandises dangereuses tant l'chelle nationale qu . Express the position vector r in Cartesian vector form; then determine its magnitude and coordinate direction angles. to a runway transgression. WHY: Mixtures of water, slush and deicing fluid may accumulate in aerodynamically quiet areas such as gaps surrounding control surfaces or in the landing gear. An awareness of the most common mistakes will have you mindful and vigilant on your next flight. When a piston comes up on its compression stroke, the incompressible liquid seizes it. Describe the precautions that should be taken to protect life and property while starting and running an aircraft engine. 0000153829 00000 n 0000138093 00000 n Tug operators - Tug operators have the additional responsibility of moving aircraft on and off gates as well as positioning aircraft from one location on the airfield to another. 0000194210 00000 n What is air-taxi? - Transportation Safety Board of Canada Chapter 7 - Aircraft Structural Materials, Ch 017 - Aircraft Airworthiness Inspection, Ch 014 - Cabin Atmosphere Control Systems, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. And more than just Always conduct a pre-takeoff check for frozen contaminants just prior to take-off. Flooding at Fort Lauderdale Airport Causes Cancellations, Diamonds DA40 NG Just Might Be What the General Aviation Market Is Clamoring For. Under what conditions should a reciprocating engine be pre-oiled? Reported one pilot: And in another incident, an air carrier A laser is not a toy. clearance is issued, the Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short 0000249961 00000 n Can weight and balance information 0000249406 00000 n The student had left the flaps down after pre-flight and taxied to the runup area without retracting them. "non-holding side.". Light signals may be used when taxiing an airplane without a radio or when a radio becomes inoperative on a tower controlled airport. require aggressive braking by the aircraft which could result in personnel injuries. Contamination as small as 80-grit sandpaper can cause a 25% loss of wing lift. Aviation accidents and investigations - Transport Canada As previously stated, to ensure efficient and safe airport ground operations, separation between aircraft or between aircraft and vehicular traffic must be maintained and optimised. Aircraft Towing Procedures - Eagle Tugs Type III fluids were formulated for use on small commuter-type aircraft with take-off rotation speeds that exceed approximately 60 knots. A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence. 0000152886 00000 n What markings are used for reciprocating engine-powered airplanes? in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. Seeking the most efficient flight - Episode 4 : sustainable taxiing on shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a 0000101385 00000 n Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. 0000248407 00000 n frame works fine. Most instructors teach that the proper speed for a taxi is nothing more than a brisk walk. Prior to starting a new engine or one that has been preserved for storage. 0000049400 00000 n Examples include distractions These guidelines are provided for conditions of active frost, freezing fog, freezing drizzle, light freezing rain, and rain on cold soaked wings. Table 1 contains the standard taxi light signals used by control towers to control and expedite the taxiing of aircraft. Flying may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site. The bookcases will have three shelves, in addition to the bottom and the top. Top 5 taxiing mistakes : Flight Training Central F. Ground Operation and Servicing Flashcards | Quizlet 0000248652 00000 n Some taxi-related Most pilots dont know this but taxiing with full flaps down is equivalent to squawking 7500 on your transponder a sign of distress. distinguishing the "holding side" of runway holding lines from the The bowline (although other anti-slip knots may be used). this author, most involved unauthorized runway transgressions. Adherence to these procedures has led to an accident free record for large aircraft commercial operations since the early 1990s. Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane.